Alard-Lupton implementation code

This page focuses on key implementation details of the Alard-Lupton (AL) image differencing in the LSST pipeline.

Introduction

In image differencing, our goal is to detect variable brightness features between two images by removing their static brightness parts by subtraction. Before performing pixel by pixel subtraction, the images should be transformed to match their PSFs. A suitable transformation is convolution of one of the images by a small image, a convolution kernel. The optimal convolution kernel is called the matching kernel. Given the images \(R\) and \(I\), we want to minimise the following expression in the least squares sense by finding \(K\):

\[R\otimes K - I\]

In the AL approach the matching kernel is searched in the form of a linear combination of given basis functions:

\[K = \sum_i a_i K_i\]

As the PSFs are not uniform all over the images, the coefficients \(a_i\) are considered to be functions of image coordinates. In the AL algorithm, first local kernel solutions (spatially not varying values of \(a_i\)-s) are determined around selected sources. Then polynomials are fitted to the local sets of \(a_i\) solutions to obtain the spatially dependent coefficients for the image pair.

Basis functions

Solving for the matching kernel starts with the generation of the basis functions. The number of basis functions and the properties of the Gaussian bases (e.g. widths in pixels) are determined in lsst.ip.diffim.makeKernelBasisList.generateAlardLuptonBasisList. The decision logic depends on configuration and psf fwhm values of the images, some details is given in the function API documentation.

Implementation of the AL solution

In the LSST pipeline, the following main steps can be distinguished:

• A subset of detected or external catalog sources are selected on a spatial grid in the image. Kernel candidates (KernelCandidate in Figure 6) are created to perform the determination of the local matching kernel around each source. The entry point for the kernel optimization is at lsst.ip.diffim.PsfMatchTask._solve() in the Python codebase.

• For each kernel candidate, local (spatially non-varying) coefficients are determined of the basis kernels that minimizes the image difference for the image stamp around this source.

• If principal component analysis (PCA) is selected, new (fewer) basis functions are calculated from the local solutions, then the kernel candidates are solved again with the new set of basis functions.

• For the whole image, spatially varying coefficients are fitted onto the local coefficient solutions. This is an iterative process rejecting outlying local solutions. The spatial variation is either generic 2nd order polynomials, or Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind (config.spatialModelType).

Figure 6 shows the main functional relation among the implementation classes. These classes are implemented in the C++ codebase. Each arrow represents a functional relationship, pointing from the subject to its target (object) class. The targets are created, contained or accessed (used) by the subject classes. Numbers show the possible multiplicities of the target instances in each action. This diagram show the functionally most important components only. It does not detail the abstraction hierarchy of the classes, all classes shown have more general base classes. There are also additional enums and classes declared to represent internal statuses and to select and configure numerical algorithms. Classes for the statistical analysis of the local and spatial solutions and for supporting PCA (KernelSumVisitor, AssessSpatialKernelVisitor, KernelPca, KernelPcaVisitor) are also not detailed here. Please refer to the C++ API documentation for these details.

Figure 6 Main Alard-Lupton kernel solution classes in the C++ codebase and their relationships.

Arrows point from the class that performs the arrow action on the pointed class. Numbers mark target multiplicity, “0..” marks zero or more, “1..” marks one or more target instances. All containment or storing relations mean holding of shared_ptrs of the object instances, there is no exclusive ownership. Figure source here.

In the C++ codebase, the solution steps are implemented using the visitor concept. The visitor classes visit each KernelCandidate instance, perform their operation on the kernel candidate itself by changing the state of the visited instance while also updating their own visitor state with data about the whole visiting process like the number of good or bad numerical solutions.

BuildSingleKernelVisitor visits all kernel candidates in each SpatialCell and calls their build() method to solve for the coefficients of the basis kernels. KernelCandidate owns the knowledge of how to initialize KernelSolution, the solution knows how to solve itself and how to turn that into an output kernel. The solution is stored in the KernelCandidate instance itself. Following the solution of each kernel candidate with the initial basis kernels, a principal component analysis (PCA) can be performed to reduce the number of basis functions for the spatial solution ( config.usePcaForSpatialKernel ), typically in the case of the delta-function basis kernels. This needs the calculation of the PCA basis of the initial local solutions, recalculation of the local solutions using the new PCA basis kernels and then solving for the spatial coefficients of the PCA basis. To support PCA, KernelCandidate can store one original and one PCA kernel solution. See the C++ API docs of KernelCandidate.build(), KernelPca and KernelPcaVisitor for more details.

Following the determination of the kernel solutions for each kernel candidate, the spatial solution is determined by BuildSpatialKernelVisitor. BuildSpatialKernelVisitor visits the kernel candidates and collects their local solution and initializes SpatialKernelSolution. Then SpatialKernelSolution solves itself.

Both the local and the whole image spatial solutions are stored as LinearCombinationKernel instances. Note, the python API of LinearCombinationKernel currently does not support the evaluation of parameters for an arbitrary x,y position. Workarounds are to get and evaluate the parameter functions themselves directly or to compute a kernel image that updates the last parameter values retrievable from the instance.